Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2012 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 10 Articles
Nowadays, the emphasis of pharmaceutical research is turned towards the development of more efficacious drug delivery systems with already existing molecule rather than going for new drug discovery. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the development of pulsatile drug delivery systems [PDDS]. Pulsatile drug delivery system is one of the most interesting time- and site-specific drug delivery system. Pulsatile drug delivery is defined as the rapid and transient releases of drug from the dosage form within short period of time immediately after a predetermined off-release period. Pulsatile drug delivery systems are required for applications in which the continuous release of a drug would be detrimental and repeated dosing would be difficult, painful or otherwise problematic. The conventional sustained release drug delivery had so many problems like first pass metabolism, biological tolerance, gastric irritation etc., which lead to the development of delivery system which overcome all these problems and also provides better local effect and delivers in chronological order. The drug release can be pre-planned or stimuli induced by temperature, chemical or external factors. . It has been recognized that many symptoms and onset of disease occur during specific time periods of the 24 hour day, e.g., asthma and angina pectoris attacks occur most frequently in the morning hours. The pulsatile drug delivery system can release the drug in during specific time periods and thus, better management of these types of diseases can be achieved....
The purpose of the study was to develop an optimized thermoreversible in situ gel of amide group anesthetic agent for delivery into periodontal pocket containing bupivacaine hydrochloride as a model drug. The prepared formulations are biocompatible and display low viscosity at the moment of in vivo application. once applied, formulation undergo a sol-gel transition , resulting in semisolid gel.Thermosensitive in situ gel containing 5% w/v bupivacaine hydrochloride was formulated by cold method using different combination of pluronic F 127 and F 68 . The gels were evaluated for drug content, gelation temperature, viscosity, invitro release and in vivo evaluation of safety and efficacy of optimized formulation. The gelation of system at body temperature is important evaluation parameter in optimization study. The formulations containing 18% w/v of Pluronic F 127 and 10% w/v of pluronic F 68 showed gelation near to body temperature. The drug release from the formulations was diffusion controlled without swelling. In vivo evaluation of optimized formulation was carried in patient with periodontitis; study was randomized parallel group, double-blind clinical trial. Optimized formulation AF3 showed promising finding in management of pain associated with scaling and root planning. Site specific delivery of anesthesia with longer duration of action was achieved with thermoreversible gel....
Nanomedicine is the application of nanobiotechnology to clinical medicine. They are used in various diseases like Nano-Oncology, Nanoneurology, Nanocardiology, Nano-Orthopedics Nano-Ophthalmology, transplantation techniques and in diagnostic applications. The major challenge for pharmaceutical companies is drugs solubility which can be overcome by Ubisol-AquaTM for improved absorption. Bacteria are used as nanocontainers for specific targeting. Gold nanoparticles, Implanted magnetic sensing, fullerene CD60 DF1 are used for cancer therapy. They have tremendous potential for healing the incurable brain diseases like Alzheimer's and related disorders. Nanoelectronics enable the creation of a bridge between damaged nerves for neuroregeneration. Nanorobotic surgical systems have eased the invasive surgeries and offers precision. Nanoocular drug delivery protects drug from enzymatic degradation and assists in targeted delivery. Nanotechnology plays key role in Prevention of Neovascularization which was used for the treatmentof the age-related macular degeneration. Thus it has been merged into medical technology and producing enormous benefits to mankind....
The studies were conducted with an object to develop stable, safe and efficient, delivery system for aceclofenac. During the course of studies different organogel formulations of aceclofenac for topical application were developed by using lecithin soya, isopropyl myristate, pluronic F-127, purified water, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, vitamin E, methyl salicylate and menthol. The formulated organogels were evaluated for psychorheological characteristic, drug content, pH, spreadability. The viscosities of different formulations were determined by using Brookfield Viscometer at 25°C, the viscosity of formulations increases with increase in concentration of organogelator. The developed formulations then subjected to in vitro diffusion study. The two formulations showed best release having flux > 0.18 mg/cm2/h were selected and modified with incorporation of 10% methyl salicylate and 5% menthol. Further efficacy of these formulations was evaluated and compared with conventionally used marketed standard formulation by anti-inflammatory activity on albino rats using carageenan induced rat paw edema model, within short period promising edema inhibition was observed. Safety was determined through skin irritancy testing on Guinea pigs for seven days showing no signs of skin irritation. Finally stability studies were carried out for three months doesn’t showed any signs of separation within gel indicating overall stability. The result indicates that pluronic lecithin organogels (PLOs) serves as an excellent vehicle for topical delivery of aceclofenac....
Emerging nanotechnologies have, and will continue to have, a major impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Their influence on a drug's life cycle, inception to delivery, is rapidly expanding. As the industry moves more aggressively toward continuous manufacturing modes, utilizing Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Process Intensification (PI) concepts, the critical role of transport phenomena becomes elucidated. The ability to transfer energy, mass, and momentum with directed purposeful outcomes is a worthwhile endeavor in establishing higher production rates more economically. Furthermore, the ability to obtain desired drug properties, such as size, habit, and morphology, through novel manufacturing strategies permits unique formulation control for optimum delivery methodologies. Bottom-up processing to obtain nano-sized crystals is an excellent example. Formulation and delivery are intimately coupled in improving bio-efficacy at reduced loading and/or better controlled release capabilities, minimizing side affects and providing improved therapeutic interventions. Innovative nanotechnology applications, such as simultaneous targeting, imaging and delivery to tumors, are now possible through use of novel chaperones. Other examples include nanoparticles attachment to T-cells, release from novel hydrogel implants, and functionalized encapsulants. Difficult tasks such as drug delivery to the brain via the blood brain barrier and/or the cerebrospinal fluid are now easier to accomplish....
An osmotically controlled oral drug delivery system utilizes osmotic pressure for controlled delivery of active agents. It has gained wider acceptance due to drug release independent of pH and physiological condition of the GIT.Metaproterenolsulfate, a highly soluble drug has been used as a model drug and an attempt has been made to control the release of drug by two different approaches; one using an osmotic agent and a swelling agent. The core tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique and granules before compression were evaluated for micromeritic properties. The core tablets were coated with coating solution containing cellulose acetate, a pore former and a plasticizer to give good film properties. The effect of concentration of osmotic agent and swelling agent on in vitro release was studied and drug release depended on both these factors. The formulation variables like amount of pore former, effect of pH, agitational intensity on in vitro release from optimized formulation was evaluated and it was found that drug release was directly dependent on the amount of pore former in the coating composition. The drug release was independent of pH and agitational intensity of the media. All the formulation released more than 62 % of drug after 12 hrs and drug release from the optimized formulation was found to follow zero order kinetics. The formulation was also found to be stable in terms of hardness, drug content and drug release after 3 months stability study....
The objective of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate Biodegradable Gliclazide mucoadhesive microsphere using tamarind gum and Chitosan as polymers. Gliclazide microspheres were prepared by simple emulsification phase separation technique using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Twenty preliminary trial batches, F1 to F20 batches of microspheres were prepared by using different volume of cross-linking agent, cross-linking time and 3:1 polymer-to-drug ratio. From these twenty batches of each polymer, the optimized formulation is selected based on the percentage of mucoadhesion, drug entrapment efficiency and sphericity of microspheres. A 32 full factorial design was employed to study the effect of independent variables, polymer-to-drug ratio(X1), and stirring speed(X2) on dependent variables percentage of mucoadhesion, drug entrapment efficiency, swelling index and in vitro drug release study. The drug polymer compatibility studies were carried out using FTIR and the stability studies were conducted for the optimized formulation. Among the two polymers, the best batch was tamarind gum exhibited a high drug entrapment efficiency of 69% and a swelling index 1.16 % mucoadhesive after 1hour was 70% and the drug release was also sustained for more than 10 hours. The polymer-to-drug ratio had a more significant effect on the dependent variables....
Hydrogels are three-dimensional, hydrophilic, polymeric networks, with chemical or physical cross-links, capable of imbibing large amounts of water or biological fluids. Among the numerous macromolecules that can be used for hydrogel formation, polysaccharides are extremely advantageous compared to synthetic polymers being widely present in living organisms and often being produced by recombinant DNA techniques. Coming from renewable sources, hydrogels also have frequently economical advantages over other drug delivery systems. Hydrogels are usually non-toxic, biocompatible and show a number of peculiar physico-chemical properties that make them suitable for different applications in drug delivery systems. Chitosan hydrogels are attractive systems for drug delivery and tissue engineering that combine biodegradability, biocompatibility and the ability to form in situ gel-like implants. Chitosan from two different sources were added with several phosphate-free polyols or polyoses as gelling agents. Design of alginate–guar gum hydrogel crosslinked with glutaraldehyde was done for the controlled delivery of drugs. Alginate is a non-toxic polysaccharide. Drug leaching during hydrogel preparation and rapid dissolution of alginate at higher pH are major limitations, as it results in very low entrapment efficiency and burst release. To overcome these limitations, another natural polysaccharide, guar gum was included in the alginate matrix along with a cross linking agent to ensure maximum encapsulation efficiency and controlled drug release. The crosslinked alginate–guar gum matrix is novel and the drug loading process used in the study was mild and performed in aqueous environment. We review here a selection of the most important hydrogels that have been studied and exploited in several fields related to pharmaceutics. Particular attention has been focused on the polymers used to prepare the hydrogel network preparation....
Oral dosage form is the most preferred route for the treatment of various diseases and disorder but in the gut wall it offers various barriers for the drug delivery. On oral administration of conventional dosage forms drug normally dissolves in the gastro-intestinal fluids and is absorbed from these regions of the gastro-intestinal tract, which depends upon the physicochemical properties of the drug. It has a serious drawback in conditions where localized delivery of the drug in the colon is required or in conditions where a drug needs to be protected from the hostile environment of upper GIT. Dosage forms that deliver drugs in the colon rather than upper GIT has number of advantages. Oral delivery of drugs in the colon is valuable in the treatment of diseases of colon (colon cancer, ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease) whereby high local concentration can be achieved while minimizing side effects. The colon is attracting interest as a site where poorly absorbed drug molecule may have an improved bioavailability. This region of the colon having a somewhat less hostile environment with less diversity and intensity of activity than the stomach and small intestine. Additionally, the colon has a long retention time and appears highly responsible to agents that enhance the absorption of poorly absorbed drugs. The simplest method for targeting of drugs to the colon is to obtain slower release rates or longer release periods by the application of thicker layers of conventional enteric coating or extremely slow releasing matrices. Further, drug targeting to colon would prove useful where intestinal delayed drug absorption is desired from therapeutic point of view in the treatment of diseases that have peak symptoms in the early morning such as nocturnal asthma, angina or arthritis....
In this study, free porcine hepatocytes suspension (Group A), porcine hepatocytes embedded in collagen gel (Group B), porcinehepatocytes cultured with PLA-O-CMC nanoparticles and embedded in collagen gel (Group C), and PLA-O-CMC nanoparticlesalone (Group D) were transplanted into peritoneal cavity of ALF rats, respectively. The result showed that plasma HGF levels wereelevated post-transplantation with a peak at 12 hr. The rats in Group C showed highest plasma HGF levels at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 36 hrpost-transplantation and lowest HGF level at 48 hr. Plasma VEGF levels were elevated at 48 hr post-transplantation with a peak\r\nat 72 hr. The rats in Group C showed highest plasma HGF levels at 48, 72, and 96 hr post-transplantation. The liver functions in Group C were recovered most rapidly. Compared with Group B, Group C had significant high liver Kiel 67 antigen labeling\r\nindex (Ki-67 LI) at day 1 post-HTx (P < .05). Ki-67 LI in groups B and C was higher than that in groups A and D at days 5 and 7 post-HTx. In conclusion, intraperitoneal transplantation of porcine hepatocytes cultured with PLA-O-CMC nanoparticles and\r\nembedded in collagen gel can promote significantly liver regeneration in ALF rats....
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